SQL Grammar
Index
Commands (Data Manipulation)
Commands (Data Definition)
Commands (Other)
Other Grammar
System Tables
Information Schema
Performance Schema
Range Table
Details
Click on the header to switch between railroad diagram and BNF.
SELECT
SELECT [ TOP term ] [ DISTINCT | ALL ] selectExpression [,...]
FROM tableExpression [,...] [ WHERE expression ]
[ GROUP BY expression [,...] ] [ HAVING expression ]
[ { UNION [ ALL ] | MINUS | EXCEPT | INTERSECT } select ] [ ORDER BY order [,...] ]
[ LIMIT expression [ OFFSET expression ] [ SAMPLE_SIZE rowCountInt ] ]
[ FOR UPDATE ]
Selects data from a table or multiple tables.
GROUP BY groups the the result by the given expression(s).
HAVING filter rows after grouping.
ORDER BY sorts the result by the given column(s) or expression(s).
UNION combines the result of this query with the results of another query.
LIMIT limits the number of rows returned by the query (no limit if null or smaller than zero).
OFFSET specified how many rows to skip.
SAMPLE_SIZE limits the number of rows read for aggregate queries.
Multiple set operators (UNION, INTERSECT, MINUS, EXPECT) are evaluated
from left to right. For compatibility with other databases and future versions
of lealone please use parentheses.
If FOR UPDATE is specified, the tables are locked for writing. When using
MVCC, only the selected rows are locked as in an UPDATE statement.
In this case, aggregate, GROUP BY, DISTINCT queries or joins
are not allowed in this case.
Example:
SELECT * FROM TEST;
SELECT * FROM TEST ORDER BY NAME;
SELECT ID, COUNT(*) FROM TEST GROUP BY ID;
SELECT NAME, COUNT(*) FROM TEST GROUP BY NAME HAVING COUNT(*) > 2;
SELECT 'ID' COL, MAX(ID) AS MAX FROM TEST UNION SELECT 'NAME', MAX(NAME) FROM TEST;
SELECT * FROM TEST LIMIT 1000;
SELECT * FROM (SELECT ID, COUNT(*) FROM TEST
GROUP BY ID UNION SELECT NULL, COUNT(*) FROM TEST)
ORDER BY 1 NULLS LAST;
INSERT
INSERT INTO tableName
{ [ ( columnName [,...] ) ]
{ VALUES { ( { DEFAULT | expression } [,...] ) } [,...] | select } } |
{ SET { columnName = { DEFAULT | expression } } [,...] }
Inserts a new row / new rows into a table.
Example:
INSERT INTO TEST VALUES(1, 'Hello')
UPDATE
UPDATE tableName [ [ AS ] newTableAlias ] SET
{ { columnName = { DEFAULT | expression } } [,...] } |
{ ( columnName [,...] ) = ( select ) }
[ WHERE expression ] [ LIMIT expression ]
Updates data in a table.
Example:
UPDATE TEST SET NAME='Hi' WHERE ID=1;
UPDATE PERSON P SET NAME=(SELECT A.NAME FROM ADDRESS A WHERE A.ID=P.ID);
DELETE
DELETE [ TOP term ] FROM tableName [ WHERE expression ] [ LIMIT term ]
Deletes rows form a table.
If TOP or LIMIT is specified, at most the specified number of rows are deleted (no limit if null or smaller than zero).
Example:
DELETE FROM TEST WHERE ID=2
BACKUP
BACKUP TO fileNameString [ LAST DATE dateTimeString ]
Backs up the database files to a .zip file. Objects are not locked, but
the backup is transactionally consistent because the transaction log is also copied.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
BACKUP TO 'backup.zip' LAST DATE '2022-10-01'
CALL
CALL expression
Calculates a simple expression. This statement returns a result set with one row,
except if the called function returns a result set itself.
If the called function returns an array, then each element in this array is returned as a column.
Example:
CALL 15*25
EXPLAIN
EXPLAIN { [ PLAN FOR ] | ANALYZE } { select | insert | update | delete | merge }
Shows the execution plan for a statement.
When using EXPLAIN ANALYZE, the statement is actually executed, and the query plan
will include the actual row scan count for each table.
Example:
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID=1
MERGE
MERGE INTO tableName [ ( columnName [,...] ) ]
[ KEY ( columnName [,...] ) ]
{ VALUES { ( { DEFAULT | expression } [,...] ) } [,...] | select }
Updates existing rows, and insert rows that don't exist. If no key column is
specified, the primary key columns are used to find the row. If more than one
row per new row is affected, an exception is thrown. If the table contains an
auto-incremented key or identity column, and the row was updated, the generated
key is set to 0; otherwise it is set to the new key.
Example:
MERGE INTO TEST KEY(ID) VALUES(2, 'World')
RUNSCRIPT
RUNSCRIPT FROM fileNameString scriptCompressionEncryption
[ CHARSET charsetString ]
Runs a SQL script from a file. The script is a text file containing SQL
statements; each statement must end with ';'. This command can be used to
restore a database from a backup. The password must be in single quotes; it is
case sensitive and can contain spaces.
Instead of a file name, an URL may be used.
To read a stream from the classpath, use the prefix 'classpath:'.
See the Pluggable File System section on the Advanced page.
The compression algorithm must match the one used when creating the script.
Instead of a file, an URL may be used.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
RUNSCRIPT FROM 'backup.sql'
RUNSCRIPT FROM 'classpath:/com/acme/test.sql'
SCRIPT
SCRIPT [ SIMPLE ] [ NODATA ] [ NOPASSWORDS ] [ NOSETTINGS ]
[ DROP ] [ BLOCKSIZE blockSizeInt ]
[ TO fileNameString scriptCompressionEncryption
[ CHARSET charsetString ] ]
[ TABLE tableName [, ...] ]
[ SCHEMA schemaName [, ...] ]
Creates a SQL script from the database.
SIMPLE does not use multi-row insert statements.
NODATA will not emit INSERT statements.
If the DROP option is specified, drop statements are created for tables, views,
and sequences. If the block size is set, CLOB and BLOB values larger than this
size are split into separate blocks.
BLOCKSIZE is used when writing out LOB data, and specifies the point at the
values transition from being inserted as inline values, to be inserted using
out-of-line commands.
NOSETTINGS turns off dumping the database settings (the SET XXX commands)
If no 'TO fileName' clause is specified, the
script is returned as a result set. This command can be used to create a backup
of the database. For long term storage, it is more portable than copying the
database files.
If a 'TO fileName' clause is specified, then the whole
script (including insert statements) is written to this file, and a result set
without the insert statements is returned.
The password must be in single quotes; it is case sensitive and can contain spaces.
This command locks objects while it is running.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
When using the TABLE or SCHEMA option, only the selected table(s) / schema(s) are included.
Example:
SCRIPT NODATA
SHOW
SHOW { SCHEMAS | TABLES [ FROM schemaName ] |
COLUMNS FROM tableName [ FROM schemaName ] }
Lists the schemas, tables, or the columns of a table.
Example:
SHOW TABLES
ALTER DATABASE
ALTER DATABASE databaseName
[ RUN MODE { EMBEDDED | CLIENT_SERVER | REPLICATION | SHARDING } ]
[ PARAMETERS ( { expression = expression } [,...] )]
| | |
| RUN MODE | | EMBEDDED | | | CLIENT_SERVER | | | REPLICATION | | | SHARDING | |
|
| |
Changes the database.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
ALTER DATABASE mydb RUN MODE REPLICATION
ALTER INDEX RENAME
ALTER INDEX indexName RENAME TO newIndexName
Renames an index.
Example:
ALTER INDEX IDXNAME RENAME TO IDX_TEST_NAME
ALTER SCHEMA RENAME
ALTER SCHEMA schema RENAME TO newSchemaName
Renames a schema.
Example:
ALTER SCHEMA TEST RENAME TO PRODUCTION
ALTER SEQUENCE
ALTER SEQUENCE sequenceName [ RESTART WITH long ] [ INCREMENT BY long ]
[ MINVALUE long | NOMINVALUE | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE long | NOMAXVALUE | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ CYCLE long | NOCYCLE | NO CYCLE ]
[ CACHE long | NOCACHE | NO CACHE ]
Changes the parameters of a sequence.
This command does not commit the current transaction; however the new value is used by other
transactions immediately, and rolling back this command has no effect.
Example:
ALTER SEQUENCE SEQ_ID RESTART WITH 1000
ALTER TABLE ADD
ALTER TABLE tableName ADD [ COLUMN ]
{ [ IF NOT EXISTS ] columnDefinition [ { BEFORE | AFTER } columnName ]
| ( { columnDefinition } [,...] ) }
Adds a new column to a table.
Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ADD CREATEDATE TIMESTAMP
ALTER TABLE ADD CONSTRAINT
ALTER TABLE tableName ADD constraint [ CHECK | NOCHECK ]
Adds a constraint to a table. If NOCHECK is specified, existing rows are not
checked for consistency (the default is to check consistency for existing rows).
The required indexes are automatically created if they don't exist yet.
It is not possible to disable checking for unique constraints.
Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ADD CONSTRAINT NAME_UNIQUE UNIQUE(NAME)
ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN
ALTER TABLE tableName ALTER COLUMN columnName
{ { dataType [ DEFAULT expression ] [ [ NOT ] NULL ] [ AUTO_INCREMENT | IDENTITY ] }
| { RENAME TO name }
| { RESTART WITH long }
| { SELECTIVITY int }
| { SET DEFAULT expression }
| { SET NULL }
| { SET NOT NULL } }
Changes the data type of a column, rename a column,
change the identity value, or change the selectivity.
Changing the data type fails if the data can not be converted.
RESTART changes the next value of an auto increment column.
The column must already be an auto increment column.
For RESTART, the same transactional rules as for ALTER SEQUENCE apply.
SELECTIVITY sets the selectivity (1-100) for a column.
Setting the selectivity to 0 means the default value.
Selectivity is used by the cost based optimizer to calculate the estimated cost of an index.
Selectivity 100 means values are unique, 10 means every distinct value appears 10 times on average.
SET DEFAULT changes the default value of a column.
SET NULL sets a column to allow NULL. The row may not be part of a primary key.
Single column indexes on this column are dropped.
SET NOT NULL sets a column to not allow NULL. Rows may not contains NULL in this column.
Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME CLOB;
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME RENAME TO TEXT;
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN ID RESTART WITH 10000;
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SELECTIVITY 100;
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET DEFAULT '';
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET NOT NULL;
ALTER TABLE TEST ALTER COLUMN NAME SET NULL;
ALTER TABLE DROP COLUMN
ALTER TABLE tableName DROP COLUMN [ IF EXISTS ] columnName
Removes a column from a table.
Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST DROP COLUMN NAME
ALTER TABLE DROP CONSTRAINT
ALTER TABLE tableName DROP { CONSTRAINT [ IF EXISTS ] constraintName | PRIMARY KEY }
Removes a constraint or a primary key from a table.
Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST DROP CONSTRAINT UNIQUE_NAME
ALTER TABLE SET
ALTER TABLE tableName SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY
{ FALSE | TRUE [ CHECK | NOCHECK ] }
ALTER TABLE tableName SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY | |
Disables or enables referential integrity checking for a table. This command can
be used inside a transaction. Enabling referential integrity does not check
existing data, except if CHECK is specified. Use SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY to
disable it for all tables; the global flag and the flag for each table are
independent.
Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY FALSE
ALTER TABLE RENAME
ALTER TABLE tableName RENAME TO newName
Renames a table.
Example:
ALTER TABLE TEST RENAME TO MY_DATA
ALTER USER ADMIN
ALTER USER userName ADMIN { TRUE | FALSE }
Switches the admin flag of a user on or off.
Only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
ALTER USER TOM ADMIN TRUE
ALTER USER RENAME
ALTER USER userName RENAME TO newUserName
Renames a user.
After renaming a user, the password becomes invalid and needs to be changed as well.
Only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
ALTER USER TOM RENAME TO THOMAS
ALTER USER SET PASSWORD
ALTER USER userName SET { PASSWORD string | SALT bytes HASH bytes }
Changes the password of a user.
Only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed.
The password must be enclosed in single quotes. It is case sensitive
and can contain spaces. The salt and hash values are hex strings.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
ALTER USER SA SET PASSWORD 'rioyxlgt'
ALTER VIEW
ALTER VIEW viewName RECOMPILE
Recompiles a view after the underlying tables have been changed or created.
This command is used for views created using CREATE FORCE VIEW.
Example:
ALTER VIEW ADDRESS_VIEW RECOMPILE
ANALYZE
ANALYZE [ SAMPLE_SIZE rowCountInt ]
Updates the selectivity statistics of all tables. The selectivity is used by the
cost based optimizer to select the best index for a given query. If no sample
size is set, up to 10000 rows per table are read. The value 0 means all rows are
read. The selectivity can be set manually using ALTER TABLE ALTER COLUMN
SELECTIVITY. Manual values are overwritten by this statement. The selectivity is
available in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.COLUMNS table.
Example:
ANALYZE SAMPLE_SIZE 1000
COMMENT ON
{ { COLUMN [ schemaName. ] tableName.columnName }
| { { TABLE | VIEW | CONSTANT | CONSTRAINT | ALIAS | INDEX | ROLE
| SCHEMA | SEQUENCE | TRIGGER | USER | DOMAIN } [ schemaName. ] objectName } }
IS expression
| | |
| | TABLE | | | VIEW | | | CONSTANT | | | CONSTRAINT | | | ALIAS | | | INDEX | | | ROLE | | | SCHEMA | | | SEQUENCE | | | TRIGGER | | | USER | | | DOMAIN | |
| | objectName |
| |
Sets the comment of a database object. Use NULL to remove the comment.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
COMMENT ON TABLE TEST IS 'Table used for testing'
CREATE DATABASE
CREATE DATABASE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newDatabaseName
[ RUN MODE { EMBEDDED | CLIENT_SERVER | REPLICATION | SHARDING } ]
[ PARAMETERS ( { expression = expression } [,...] )]
| | |
| RUN MODE | | EMBEDDED | | | CLIENT_SERVER | | | REPLICATION | | | SHARDING | |
|
| |
Creates a new database.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
CREATE DATABASE mydb RUN MODE client_server
CREATE SERVICE
CREATE SERVICE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newServiceName
({ methodName ({ columnDefinition } [,...]) dataType } [,...])
[ LANGUAGE expression ]
[ PACKAGE expression ]
[ IMPLEMENT BY expression ]
[ GENERATE CODE expression ]
Creates a new service.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
CREATE SERVICE my_service(hello(name varchar) varchar)
CREATE AGGREGATE
CREATE AGGREGATE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newAggregateName FOR className
Creates a new user-defined aggregate function. The method name must be the full
qualified class name. The class must implement the interface
org.lealone.db.api.Aggregate.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
CREATE AGGREGATE MEDIAN FOR "com.acme.db.Median"
CREATE ALIAS
CREATE ALIAS [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newFunctionAliasName [ DETERMINISTIC ] [ NOBUFFER ]
{ FOR classAndMethodName | AS sourceCodeString }
Creates a new function alias. If this is a ResultSet returning function,
by default the return value is cached in a local temporary file.
NOBUFFER - disables caching of ResultSet return value to temporary file.
DETERMINISTIC - Deterministic functions must always return the same value for the same parameters.
The method name must be the full qualified class and method name,
and may optionally include the parameter classes as in
java.lang.Integer.parseInt(java.lang.String, int). The class and the method
must both be public, and the method must be static. The class must be available
in the classpath of the database engine (when using the server mode,
it must be in the classpath of the server).
When defining a function alias with source code, the Sun javac is compiler
is used if the file tools.jar is in the classpath. If not, javac is run as a separate process.
Only the source code is stored in the database; the class is compiled each time
the database is re-opened. Source code is usually passed
as dollar quoted text to avoid escaping problems. If import statements are used,
then the tag @CODE must be added before the method.
If the method throws an SQLException, it is directly re-thrown to the calling application;
all other exceptions are first converted to a SQLException.
If the first parameter of the Java function is a java.sql.Connection, then a
connection to the database is provided. This connection must not be closed.
If the class contains multiple methods with the given name but different
parameter count, all methods are mapped.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
If you have the Groovy jar in your classpath, it is also possible to write methods using Groovy.
Example:
CREATE ALIAS MY_SQRT FOR "java.lang.Math.sqrt";
CREATE ALIAS GET_SYSTEM_PROPERTY FOR "java.lang.System.getProperty";
CALL GET_SYSTEM_PROPERTY('java.class.path');
CALL GET_SYSTEM_PROPERTY('com.acme.test', 'true');
CREATE ALIAS REVERSE AS $$ String reverse(String s) { return new StringBuilder(s).reverse().toString(); } $$;
CALL REVERSE('Test');
CREATE ALIAS tr AS $$@groovy.transform.CompileStatic
static String tr(String str, String sourceSet, String replacementSet){
return str.tr(sourceSet, replacementSet);
}
$$
CREATE CONSTANT
CREATE CONSTANT [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newConstantName VALUE expression
Creates a new constant.
Example:
CREATE CONSTANT ONE VALUE 1
CREATE DOMAIN
CREATE DOMAIN [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newDomainName AS dataType
[ DEFAULT expression ] [ [ NOT ] NULL ] [ SELECTIVITY selectivity ]
[ CHECK condition ]
Creates a new data type (domain). The check condition must evaluate to true or
to NULL (to prevent NULL, use NOT NULL). In the condition, the term VALUE refers
to the value being tested.
Domains are usable within the whole database. They can not be created in a specific schema.
Example:
CREATE DOMAIN EMAIL AS VARCHAR(255) CHECK (POSITION('@', VALUE) > 1)
CREATE INDEX
CREATE
{ [ UNIQUE ] [ HASH ] INDEX [ [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newIndexName ]
| PRIMARY KEY [ HASH ] }
ON tableName ( indexColumn [,...] )
Creates a new index.
Hash indexes are meant for in-memory databases and memory tables (CREATE MEMORY TABLE).
For other tables, or if the index contains multiple columns, the HASH keyword is ignored.
Hash indexes can only test for equality, and do not support range queries (similar to a hash table).
Non-unique keys are supported.
Example:
CREATE INDEX IDXNAME ON TEST(NAME)
CREATE ROLE
CREATE ROLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newRoleName
Creates a new role.
Example:
CREATE ROLE READONLY
CREATE SCHEMA
CREATE SCHEMA [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name [ AUTHORIZATION ownerUserName ]
Creates a new schema. If no owner is specified, the current user is used. The
user that executes the command must have admin rights, as well as the owner.
Specifying the owner currently has no effect.
Example:
CREATE SCHEMA TEST_SCHEMA AUTHORIZATION SA
CREATE SEQUENCE
CREATE SEQUENCE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newSequenceName [ START WITH long ]
[ INCREMENT BY long ]
[ MINVALUE long | NOMINVALUE | NO MINVALUE ]
[ MAXVALUE long | NOMAXVALUE | NO MAXVALUE ]
[ CYCLE long | NOCYCLE | NO CYCLE ]
[ CACHE long | NOCACHE | NO CACHE ]
Creates a new sequence.
The data type of a sequence is BIGINT.
Used values are never re-used, even when the transaction is rolled back.
The cache is the number of pre-allocated numbers.
If the system crashes without closing the database, at most this many numbers are lost.
The default cache size is 32.
To disable caching, use the cache size 1 or lower.
Example:
CREATE SEQUENCE SEQ_ID
CREATE TABLE
CREATE [ CACHED | MEMORY ] [ TEMP | [ GLOBAL | LOCAL ] TEMPORARY ]
TABLE [ IF NOT EXISTS ] name
[ ( { columnDefinition | constraint } [,...] ) ]
[ ENGINE tableEngineName [ WITH tableEngineParamName [,...] ] ]
[ NOT PERSISTENT ] [ TRANSACTIONAL ]
[ AS select ]
Creates a new table.
Cached tables (the default for regular tables) are persistent,
and the number of rows is not limited by the main memory.
Memory tables (the default for temporary tables) are persistent,
but the index data is kept in main memory,
that means memory tables should not get too large.
Temporary tables are deleted when closing or opening a database.
Temporary tables can be global (accessible by all connections)
or local (only accessible by the current connection).
The default for temporary tables is global.
Indexes of temporary tables are kept fully in main memory,
unless the temporary table is created using CREATE CACHED TABLE.
The ENGINE option is only required when custom table implementations are used.
The table engine class must implement the interface org.lealone.db.table.TableFactory.
Any table engine parameters are passed down in the tableEngineParams field of the CreateTableData object.
Tables with the NOT PERSISTENT modifier are kept fully in memory, and all
rows are lost when the database is closed.
The column definition is optional if a query is specified.
In that case the column list of the query is used.
This command commits an open transaction, except when using
TRANSACTIONAL (only supported for temporary tables).
Example:
CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255))
CREATE TRIGGER
CREATE TRIGGER [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newTriggerName { BEFORE | AFTER | INSTEAD OF }
{ INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | SELECT | ROLLBACK } [,...] ON tableName [ FOR EACH ROW ]
[ QUEUE int ] [ NOWAIT ] CALL triggeredClassName
Creates a new trigger.
The trigger class must be public and implement org.lealone.db.api.Trigger.
Inner classes are not supported.
The class must be available in the classpath of the database engine
(when using the server mode, it must be in the classpath of the server).
BEFORE triggers are called after data conversion is made, default values are set,
null and length constraint checks have been made;
but before other constraints have been checked.
If there are multiple triggers, the order in which they are called is undefined.
ROLLBACK can be specified in combination with INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
Only row based AFTER trigger can be called on ROLLBACK.
Exceptions that occur within such triggers are ignored.
As the operations that occur within a trigger are part of the transaction,
ROLLBACK triggers are only required if an operation communicates outside of the database.
INSTEAD OF triggers are implicitly row based and behave like BEFORE triggers.
Only the first such trigger is called. Such triggers on views are supported.
They can be used to make views updatable.
A BEFORE SELECT trigger is fired just before the database engine tries to read from the table.
The trigger can be used to update a table on demand.
The trigger is called with both 'old' and 'new' set to null.
The MERGE statement will call both INSERT and UPDATE triggers.
Not supported are SELECT triggers with the option FOR EACH ROW,
and AFTER SELECT triggers.
Committing or rolling back a transaction within a trigger is not allowed, except for SELECT triggers.
By default a trigger is called once for each statement, without the old and new rows.
FOR EACH ROW triggers are called once for each inserted, updated, or deleted row.
QUEUE is implemented for syntax compatibility with HSQL and has no effect.
The trigger need to be created in the same schema as the table.
The schema name does not need to be specified when creating the trigger.
Example:
CREATE TRIGGER TRIG_INS BEFORE INSERT ON TEST FOR EACH ROW CALL "MyTrigger"
CREATE USER
CREATE USER [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newUserName
{ PASSWORD string | SALT bytes HASH bytes } [ ADMIN ]
Creates a new user. For compatibility, only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed.
The password must be in single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces.
The salt and hash values are hex strings.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
CREATE USER GUEST PASSWORD 'abc'
CREATE VIEW
CREATE [ OR REPLACE ] [ FORCE ] VIEW [ IF NOT EXISTS ] newViewName
[ ( columnName [,...] ) ] AS select
Creates a new view. If the force option is used, then the view is created even
if the underlying table(s) don't exist.
If the OR REPLACE clause is used an existing view will be replaced, and any
dependent views will not need to be recreated. If dependent views will become
invalid as a result of the change an error will be generated, but this error
can be ignored if the FORCE clause is also used.
Views are not updatable except when using 'instead of' triggers.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
CREATE VIEW TEST_VIEW AS SELECT * FROM TEST WHERE ID < 100
DROP DATABASE
DROP DATABASE [ IF EXISTS ] dbName
Drops all existing views, tables, sequences, schemas, function aliases, roles,
user-defined aggregate functions, domains, and users (except the current user).
Warning: this command can not be rolled
back.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
DROP DATABASE mydb
DROP SERVICE
DROP SERVICE [ IF EXISTS ] serviceName
Drops a service.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
DROP SERVICE my_service
DROP AGGREGATE
DROP AGGREGATE [ IF EXISTS ] aggregateName
Drops an existing user-defined aggregate function.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
DROP AGGREGATE MEDIAN
DROP ALIAS
DROP ALIAS [ IF EXISTS ] existingFunctionAliasName
Drops an existing function alias.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
DROP ALIAS MY_SQRT
DROP CONSTANT
DROP CONSTANT [ IF EXISTS ] constantName
Drops a constant.
Example:
DROP CONSTANT ONE
DROP DOMAIN
DROP DOMAIN [ IF EXISTS ] domainName
Drops a data type (domain).
Example:
DROP DOMAIN EMAIL
DROP INDEX
DROP INDEX [ IF EXISTS ] indexName
Drops an index.
Example:
DROP INDEX IF EXISTS IDXNAME
DROP ROLE
DROP ROLE [ IF EXISTS ] roleName
Drops a role.
Example:
DROP ROLE READONLY
DROP SCHEMA
DROP SCHEMA [ IF EXISTS ] schemaName
Drops a schema.
Example:
DROP SCHEMA TEST_SCHEMA
DROP SEQUENCE
DROP SEQUENCE [ IF EXISTS ] sequenceName
Drops a sequence.
Example:
DROP SEQUENCE SEQ_ID
DROP TABLE
DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] tableName [,...] [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
Drops an existing table, or a list of tables.
The command will fail if dependent views exist and the RESTRICT clause is used (the default).
All dependent views are dropped as well if the CASCADE clause is used.
Example:
DROP TABLE TEST
DROP TRIGGER
DROP TRIGGER [ IF EXISTS ] triggerName
Drops an existing trigger.
Example:
DROP TRIGGER TRIG_INS
DROP USER
DROP USER [ IF EXISTS ] userName
Drops a user. The current user cannot be dropped.
For compatibility, only unquoted or uppercase user names are allowed.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
DROP USER TOM
DROP VIEW
DROP VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] viewName [ RESTRICT | CASCADE ]
Drops an existing view.
All dependent views are dropped as well if the CASCADE clause is used (the default).
The command will fail if dependent views exist and the RESTRICT clause is used.
Example:
DROP VIEW TEST_VIEW
TRUNCATE TABLE
TRUNCATE TABLE tableName
Removes all rows from a table.
Unlike DELETE FROM without where clause, this command can not be rolled back.
This command is faster than DELETE without where clause.
Only regular data tables without foreign key constraints can be truncated
(except if referential integrity is disabled for this database or for this table).
Linked tables can't be truncated.
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE TEST
CHECKPOINT
CHECKPOINT
CHECKPOINT
Flushes the data to disk and open a new transaction log.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
CHECKPOINT
COMMIT
COMMIT [ WORK ]
Commits a transaction.
Example:
COMMIT
GRANT RIGHT
GRANT { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | ALL } [,...] ON
tableName [,...] TO { PUBLIC | userName | roleName }
GRANT | | SELECT | | | INSERT | | | UPDATE | | | DELETE | | | ALL | |
| | ON |
Grants rights for a table to a user or role.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
GRANT SELECT ON TEST TO READONLY
GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA
GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA TO userName
Grant schema altering rights to a user.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
GRANT ALTER ANY SCHEMA TO Bob
GRANT ROLE
GRANT roleName TO { PUBLIC | userName | roleName }
Grants a role to a user or role.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
GRANT READONLY TO PUBLIC
HELP
HELP [ anything [...] ]
Displays the help pages of SQL commands or keywords.
Example:
HELP SELECT
REVOKE RIGHT
REVOKE { SELECT | INSERT | UPDATE | DELETE | ALL } [,...] ON
tableName [,...] FROM { PUBLIC | userName | roleName }
REVOKE | | SELECT | | | INSERT | | | UPDATE | | | DELETE | | | ALL | |
| | ON |
Removes rights for a table from a user or role.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
REVOKE SELECT ON TEST FROM READONLY
REVOKE ROLE
REVOKE roleName FROM { PUBLIC | userName | roleName }
Removes a role from a user or role.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
REVOKE READONLY FROM TOM
ROLLBACK
ROLLBACK [ TO SAVEPOINT savepointName ]
Rolls back a transaction. If a savepoint name is used, the transaction is only
rolled back to the specified savepoint.
Example:
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT
SAVEPOINT savepointName
Create a new savepoint. See also ROLLBACK.
Savepoints are only valid until the transaction is committed or rolled back.
Example:
SAVEPOINT HALF_DONE
SET @
SET @variableName [ = ] expression
Updates a user-defined variable.
Variables are not persisted and session scoped, that means only visible from within the session in which they are defined.
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
Example:
SET @TOTAL=0
SET ALLOW_LITERALS
SET ALLOW_LITERALS { NONE | ALL | NUMBERS }
This setting can help solve the SQL injection problem. By default, text and
number literals are allowed in SQL statements. However, this enables SQL
injection if the application dynamically builds SQL statements. SQL injection is
not possible if user data is set using parameters ('?').
NONE means literals of any kind are not allowed, only parameters and constants
are allowed. NUMBERS mean only numerical and boolean literals are allowed. ALL
means all literals are allowed (default).
See also CREATE CONSTANT.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting is persistent.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;ALLOW_LITERALS=NONE
Example:
SET ALLOW_LITERALS NONE
SET AUTOCOMMIT
SET AUTOCOMMIT { TRUE | ON | FALSE | OFF }
Switches auto commit on or off.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;AUTOCOMMIT=OFF -
however this will not work as expected when using a connection pool
(the connection pool manager will re-enable autocommit when returning
the connection to the pool, so autocommit will only be disabled the first
time the connection is used.
Example:
SET AUTOCOMMIT OFF
SET CACHE_SIZE
SET CACHE_SIZE int
Sets the size of the cache in MB (each MB being 1024*1024 bytes) for the current database.
The default value is 32 MB. The value is rounded to the next higher power of two.
Depending on the virtual machine, the actual memory required may be higher.
This setting is persistent and affects all connections as there is only one cache per database.
Using a very small value (specially 0) will reduce performance a lot.
This setting only affects the database engine (the server in a client/server environment).
It has no effect for in-memory databases.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting is persistent.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;CACHE_SIZE=8
Example:
SET CACHE_SIZE 8
SET BINARY_COLLATION
SET BINARY_COLLATION
{ UNSIGNED | SIGNED } ] }
Sets the collation used for comparing BINARY columns, the default is SIGNED
for version 1.3 and older, and UNSIGNED for version 1.4 and newer.
This command can only be executed if there are no tables defined.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting is persistent.
Example:
SET BINARY_COLLATION SIGNED
SET COLLATION
SET [ DATABASE ] COLLATION
{ OFF | collationName [ STRENGTH { PRIMARY | SECONDARY | TERTIARY | IDENTICAL } ] }
Sets the collation used for comparing strings.
This command can only be executed if there are no tables defined.
See java.text.Collator for details about the supported collations and the STRENGTH
(PRIMARY is usually case- and umlaut-insensitive; SECONDARY is case-insensitive but umlaut-sensitive;
TERTIARY is both case- and umlaut-sensitive; IDENTICAL is sensitive to all differences and only affects ordering).
The ICU4J collator is used if it is in the classpath.
It is also used if the collation name starts with ICU4J_
(in that case, the ICU4J must be in the classpath, otherwise an exception is thrown).
The default collator is used if the collation name starts with DEFAULT_
(even if ICU4J is in the classpath).
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
This setting is persistent.
Example:
SET COLLATION ENGLISH
SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER
SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER classNameString
Sets the event listener class. An empty string ('') means no listener should be
used. This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, except if it is set when
opening the database (in this case it is reset just after opening the database).
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER='sample.MyListener'
Example:
SET DATABASE_EVENT_LISTENER 'sample.MyListener'
SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY
SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY int
Sets the delay for closing a database if all connections are closed.
The value -1 means the database is never closed until the close delay is set to some other value or SHUTDOWN is called.
The value 0 means no delay (default; the database is closed if the last connection to it is closed).
Values 1 and larger mean the number of seconds the database is left open after closing the last connection.
If the application exits normally or System.exit is called, the database is closed immediately, even if a delay is set.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting is persistent.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;DB_CLOSE_DELAY=-1
Example:
SET DB_CLOSE_DELAY -1
SET DEFAULT_LOCK_TIMEOUT
SET DEFAULT LOCK_TIMEOUT int
SET DEFAULT LOCK_TIMEOUT int |
Sets the default lock timeout (in milliseconds) in this database that is used
for the new sessions. The default value for this setting is 1000 (one second).
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting is persistent.
Example:
SET DEFAULT_LOCK_TIMEOUT 5000
SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE
SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE { MEMORY | CACHED }
Sets the default table storage type that is used when creating new tables.
Memory tables are kept fully in the main memory (including indexes), however
the data is still stored in the database file. The size of memory tables is
limited by the memory. The default is CACHED.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting is persistent.
It has no effect for in-memory databases.
Example:
SET DEFAULT_TABLE_TYPE MEMORY
SET EXCLUSIVE
SET EXCLUSIVE { 0 | 1 | 2 }
Switched the database to exclusive mode (1, 2) and back to normal mode (0).
In exclusive mode, new connections are rejected, and operations by
other connections are paused until the exclusive mode is disabled.
When using the value 1, existing connections stay open.
When using the value 2, all existing connections are closed
(and current transactions are rolled back) except the connection
that executes SET EXCLUSIVE.
Only the connection that set the exclusive mode can disable it.
When the connection is closed, it is automatically disabled.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
SET EXCLUSIVE 1
SET IGNORECASE
SET IGNORECASE { TRUE | FALSE }
If IGNORECASE is enabled, text columns in newly created tables will be
case-insensitive. Already existing tables are not affected. The effect of
case-insensitive columns is similar to using a collation with strength PRIMARY.
Case-insensitive columns are compared faster than when using a collation.
String literals and parameters are however still considered case sensitive even if this option is set.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting is persistent.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;IGNORECASE=TRUE
Example:
SET IGNORECASE TRUE
SET LOB_COMPRESSION_ALGORITHM
SET LOB_COMPRESSION_ALGORITHM { NO | LZF | DEFLATE }
SET LOB_COMPRESSION_ALGORITHM | |
Sets the compression algorithm for BLOB and CLOB data. Compression is usually
slower, but needs less disk space. LZF is faster but uses more space.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting is persistent.
Example:
SET LOB_COMPRESSION_ALGORITHM LZF
SET LOCK_TIMEOUT
SET LOCK_TIMEOUT int
Sets the lock timeout (in milliseconds) for the current session. The default
value for this setting is 1000 (one second).
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;LOCK_TIMEOUT=10000
Example:
SET LOCK_TIMEOUT 1000
SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB
SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB int
SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB int |
Sets the maximum size of an in-place LOB object.
This is the maximum length of an LOB that is stored with the record itself,
and the default value is 128.
This setting has no effect for in-memory databases.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting is persistent.
Example:
SET MAX_LENGTH_INPLACE_LOB 128
SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS
SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS int
The maximum number of rows in a result set that are kept in-memory. If more rows
are read, then the rows are buffered to disk. The default value is 10000.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting is persistent.
It has no effect for in-memory databases.
Example:
SET MAX_MEMORY_ROWS 1000
SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO
SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO int
The maximum number of undo records per a session that are kept in-memory.
If a transaction is larger, the records are buffered to disk.
The default value is 50000.
Changes to tables without a primary key can not be buffered to disk.
This setting is not supported when using multi-version concurrency.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting is persistent.
It has no effect for in-memory databases.
Example:
SET MAX_MEMORY_UNDO 1000
SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY
SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY int
SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY int |
Sets the maximum memory used for large operations (delete and insert), in bytes.
Operations that use more memory are buffered to disk, slowing down the
operation. The default max size is 100000. 0 means no limit.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
It has no effect for in-memory databases.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY=10000
Example:
SET MAX_OPERATION_MEMORY 0
SET MODE
SET MODE { REGULAR | MYSQL | POSTGRESQL }
Changes to another database compatibility mode. For details, see Compatibility
Modes in the feature section.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;MODE=MYSQL
Example:
SET MODE MYSQL
SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS
SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS { 0 | 1 }
SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS | |
Enabled (1) or disabled (0) the result reuse optimization. If enabled,
subqueries and views used as subqueries are only re-run if the data in one of
the tables was changed. This option is enabled by default.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS=0
Example:
SET OPTIMIZE_REUSE_RESULTS 0
SET PASSWORD
SET PASSWORD string
Changes the password of the current user. The password must be in single quotes.
It is case sensitive and can contain spaces.
Example:
SET PASSWORD 'abcstzri!.5'
SET QUERY_STATISTICS
SET QUERY_STATISTICS { TRUE | FALSE }
Disabled or enables query statistics gathering for the whole database.
The statistics are reflected in the INFORMATION_SCHEMA.QUERY_STATISTICS meta-table.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
Example:
SET QUERY_STATISTICS FALSE
SET QUERY_TIMEOUT
SET QUERY_TIMEOUT int
Set the query timeout of the current session to the given value. The timeout is
in milliseconds. All kinds of statements will throw an exception if they take
longer than the given value. The default timeout is 0, meaning no timeout.
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
Example:
SET QUERY_TIMEOUT 10000
SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY
SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY { TRUE | FALSE }
SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY | |
Disabled or enables referential integrity checking for the whole database.
Enabling it does not check existing data. Use ALTER TABLE SET to disable it only
for one table.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
Example:
SET REFERENTIAL_INTEGRITY FALSE
SET SALT HASH
SET SALT bytes HASH bytes
Sets the password salt and hash for the current user. The password must be in
single quotes. It is case sensitive and can contain spaces.
Example:
SET SALT '00' HASH '1122'
SET SCHEMA
SET SCHEMA schemaName
Changes the default schema of the current connection. The default schema is used
in statements where no schema is set explicitly. The default schema for new
connections is PUBLIC.
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;SCHEMA=ABC
Example:
SET SCHEMA INFORMATION_SCHEMA
SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH
SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH schemaName [,...]
Changes the schema search path of the current connection. The default schema is
used in statements where no schema is set explicitly. The default schema for new
connections is PUBLIC.
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH=ABC,DEF
Example:
SET SCHEMA_SEARCH_PATH INFORMATION_SCHEMA, PUBLIC
SET THROTTLE
SET THROTTLE int
Sets the throttle for the current connection. The value is the number of
milliseconds delay after each 50 ms. The default value is 0 (throttling
disabled).
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;THROTTLE=50
Example:
SET THROTTLE 200
SET TRACE_LEVEL
SET { TRACE_LEVEL_FILE | TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT } int
SET | | TRACE_LEVEL_FILE | | | TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT | |
| int |
Sets the trace level for file the file or system out stream. Levels are: 0=off,
1=error, 2=info, 3=debug. The default level is 1 for file and 0 for system out.
To use SLF4J, append ;TRACE_LEVEL_FILE=4 to the database URL when opening the database.
This setting is not persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This command does not commit a transaction, and rollback does not affect it.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT=3
Example:
SET TRACE_LEVEL_SYSTEM_OUT 3
SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE
SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE int
SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE int |
Sets the maximum trace file size. If the file exceeds the limit, the file is
renamed to .old and a new file is created. If another .old file exists, it is
deleted. The default max size is 16 MB.
This setting is persistent.
Admin rights are required to execute this command, as it affects all connections.
This setting can be appended to the database URL: jdbc:lealone:embed:test;TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE=3
Example:
SET TRACE_MAX_FILE_SIZE 10
SHUTDOWN DATABASE
SHUTDOWN DATABASE dbName [ IMMEDIATELY ]
This statement closes all open connections to the database and closes the
database. This command is usually not required, as the database is
closed automatically when the last connection to it is closed.
If no option is used, then the database is closed normally.
All connections are closed, open transactions are rolled back.
SHUTDOWN IMMEDIATELY closes the database files without any cleanup.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
SHUTDOWN DATABASE mydb
SHUTDOWN SERVER
SHUTDOWN SERVER [ port ]
This statement closes the server corresponding to the port,
or closes all servers if the port is -1 or unspecified.
Admin rights are required to execute this command.
Example:
SHUTDOWN SERVER 9210
Alias
name
An alias is a name that is only valid in the context of the statement.
Example:
A
And Condition
Value or condition.
Example:
ID=1 AND NAME='Hi'
Array
An array of values. An empty array is '()'. Trailing commas are ignored.
An array with one element must contain a comma to be parsed as an array.
Example:
(1, 2)
(1, )
()
Boolean
A boolean value.
Example:
TRUE
Bytes
A binary value. The hex value is not case sensitive.
Example:
X'01FF'
Case
Returns the first expression where the value is equal to the test expression. If
no else part is specified, return NULL.
Example:
CASE CNT WHEN 0 THEN 'No' WHEN 1 THEN 'One' ELSE 'Some' END
Case When
Returns the first expression where the condition is true. If no else part is
specified, return NULL.
Example:
CASE WHEN CNT<10 THEN 'Low' ELSE 'High' END
Cipher
AES
Only the algorithm AES (AES-128) is supported currently.
Example:
AES
Column Definition
Default expressions are used if no explicit value was used when adding a row.
The computed column expression is evaluated and assigned whenever the row changes.
Identity and auto-increment columns are columns with a sequence as the
default. The column declared as the identity columns is implicitly the
primary key column of this table (unlike auto-increment columns).
The options PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, and CHECK are not supported for ALTER statements.
Check constraints can reference columns of the table,
and they can reference objects that exist while the statement is executed.
Conditions are only checked when a row is added or modified
in the table where the constraint exists.
Example:
CREATE TABLE TEST(ID INT PRIMARY KEY, NAME VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT '');
CREATE TABLE TEST(ID BIGINT IDENTITY);
CREATE TABLE TEST(QUANTITY INT, PRICE DECIMAL, AMOUNT DECIMAL AS QUANTITY*PRICE);
Comments can be used anywhere in a command and are ignored by the database. Line
comments end with a newline. Block comments cannot be nested, but can be
multiple lines long.
Example:
// This is a comment
Compare
Comparison operator. The operator != is the same as <>.
Example:
<>
Condition
Boolean value or condition.
Example:
ID<>2
Condition Right Hand Side
The right hand side of a condition.
The conditions IS [ NOT ] and IS [ NOT ] DISTINCT FROM are null-safe, meaning
NULL is considered the same as NULL, and the condition never evaluates to NULL.
When comparing with LIKE, the wildcards characters are _ (any one character)
and % (any characters). The database uses an index when comparing with LIKE
except if the operand starts with a wildcard. To search for the characters % and
_, the characters need to be escaped. The default escape character is \ (backslash).
To select no escape character, use ESCAPE '' (empty string).
At most one escape character is allowed.
Each character that follows the escape character in the pattern needs to match exactly.
Patterns that end with an escape character are invalid and the expression returns NULL.
When comparing with REGEXP, regular expression matching is used.
See Java Matcher.find for details.
Example:
LIKE 'Jo%'
Constraint
Defines a constraint.
The check condition must evaluate to TRUE, FALSE or NULL.
TRUE and NULL mean the operation is to be permitted,
and FALSE means the operation is to be rejected.
To prevent NULL in a column, use NOT NULL instead of a check constraint.
Example:
PRIMARY KEY(ID, NAME)
Constraint Name Definition
Defines a constraint name.
Example:
CONSTRAINT CONST_ID
Csv Options
Optional parameters for CSVREAD and CSVWRITE.
Instead of setting the options one by one, all options can be
combined into a space separated key-value pairs, as follows:
STRINGDECODE('charset=UTF-8 escape=\" fieldDelimiter=\" fieldSeparator=, ' ||
'lineComment=# lineSeparator=\n null= rowSeparator=').
The following options are supported:
caseSensitiveColumnNames (true or false; disabled by default),
charset,
escape,
fieldDelimiter,
fieldSeparator,
lineComment (disabled by default),
lineSeparator,
null, Note that an empty value is always treated as null.
This feature for compatibility, it is only here to support reading existing CSV files
that contain explicit null delimiters.
rowSeparator (not set by default),
preserveWhitespace (true or false; disabled by default),
writeColumnHeader (true or false; enabled by default).
For a newline or other special character, use STRINGDECODE as in the example above.
A space needs to be escaped with a backslash ('\ '), and
a backslash needs to be escaped with another backslash ('\\').
All other characters are not to be escaped, that means
newline and tab characters are written as such.
Example:
CALL CSVWRITE('test2.csv', 'SELECT * FROM TEST', 'charset=UTF-8 fieldSeparator=|');
Data Type
A data type definition.
Example:
INT
Date
A date literal. The limitations are the same as for the Java data type
java.sql.Date, but for compatibility with other databases the suggested minimum
and maximum years are 0001 and 9999.
Example:
DATE '2004-12-31'
Decimal
A decimal number with fixed precision and scale.
Internally, java.lang.BigDecimal is used.
To ensure the floating point representation is used, use CAST(X AS DOUBLE).
There are some special decimal values: to represent positive infinity, use POWER(0, -1);
for negative infinity, use (-POWER(0, -1)); for -0.0, use (-CAST(0 AS DOUBLE));
for NaN (not a number), use SQRT(-1).
Example:
SELECT -1600.05
SELECT CAST(0 AS DOUBLE)
SELECT -1.4e-10
Digit
0-9
A digit.
Example:
0
Dollar Quoted String
A string starts and ends with two dollar signs. Two dollar signs are not allowed
within the text. A whitespace is required before the first set of dollar signs.
No escaping is required within the text.
Example:
$$John's car$$
Expression
Value or condition.
Example:
ID=1 OR NAME='Hi'
Factor
A value or a numeric factor.
Example:
ID * 10
Hex
The hexadecimal representation of a number or of bytes. Two characters are one
byte.
Example:
cafe
Hex Number
A number written in hexadecimal notation.
Example:
0xff
Index Column
Indexes this column in ascending or descending order. Usually it is not required
to specify the order; however doing so will speed up large queries that order
the column in the same way.
Example:
NAME
Int
The maximum integer number is 2147483647, the minimum is -2147483648.
Example:
10
Long
Long numbers are between -9223372036854775808 and 9223372036854775807.
Example:
100000
Name
Names are not case sensitive. There is no maximum name length.
Example:
TEST
Null
NULL
NULL is a value without data type and means 'unknown value'.
Example:
NULL
Number
The maximum length of the number depends on the data type used.
Example:
100
Numeric
The data type of a numeric value is always the lowest possible for the given value.
If the number contains a dot this is decimal; otherwise it is int, long, or decimal (depending on the value).
Example:
SELECT -1600.05
SELECT CAST(0 AS DOUBLE)
SELECT -1.4e-10
Operand
A value or a concatenation of values.
In the default mode, the result is NULL if either parameter is NULL.
Example:
'Hi' || ' Eva'
Order
Sorts the result by the given column number, or by an expression. If the
expression is a single parameter, then the value is interpreted as a column
number. Negative column numbers reverse the sort order.
Example:
NAME DESC NULLS LAST
Quoted Name
Quoted names are case sensitive, and can contain spaces. There is no maximum
name length. Two double quotes can be used to create a single double quote
inside an identifier.
Example:
"FirstName"
Referential Constraint
Defines a referential constraint.
If the table name is not specified, then the same table is referenced.
RESTRICT is the default action.
If the referenced columns are not specified, then the primary key columns are used.
The required indexes are automatically created if required.
Some tables may not be referenced, such as metadata tables.
Example:
FOREIGN KEY(ID) REFERENCES TEST(ID)
Referential Action
The action CASCADE will cause conflicting rows in the referencing (child) table to be deleted or updated.
RESTRICT is the default action.
As this database does not support deferred checking, RESTRICT and NO ACTION will both throw an exception if the constraint is violated.
The action SET DEFAULT will set the column in the referencing (child) table to the default value, while SET NULL will set it to NULL.
Example:
FOREIGN KEY(ID) REFERENCES TEST(ID) ON UPDATE CASCADE
Script Compression Encryption
The compression and encryption algorithm to use for script files.
When using encryption, only DEFLATE and LZF are supported.
LZF is faster but uses more space.
Example:
COMPRESSION LZF
Select Expression
An expression in a SELECT statement.
Example:
ID AS VALUE
String
A string starts and ends with a single quote. Two single quotes can be used to
create a single quote inside a string.
Example:
'John''s car'
Summand
A value or a numeric sum.
Please note the text concatenation operator is ||.
Example:
ID + 20
Table Expression
Joins a table. The join expression is not supported for cross and natural joins.
A natural join is an inner join, where the condition is automatically on the
columns with the same name.
Example:
TEST AS T LEFT JOIN TEST AS T1 ON T.ID = T1.ID
Values Expression
A list of rows that can be used like a table.
The column list of the resulting table is C1, C2, and so on.
Example:
SELECT * FROM (VALUES(1, 'Hello'), (2, 'World')) AS V;
Term
A value. Parameters can be indexed, for example ?1 meaning the first parameter.
Each table has a pseudo-column named _ROWID_ that contains the unique row identifier.
Example:
'Hello'
Time
A time literal. A value is between plus and minus 2 million hours
and has nanosecond resolution.
Example:
TIME '23:59:59'
Timestamp
TIMESTAMP ' 2000-01-01 12:00:00 | | ' |
A timestamp literal. The limitations are the same as for the Java data type
java.sql.Timestamp, but for compatibility with other databases the suggested
minimum and maximum years are 0001 and 9999.
Example:
TIMESTAMP '2005-12-31 23:59:59'
Value
A literal value of any data type, or null.
Example:
10
The system tables in the schema INFORMATION_SCHEMA contain the meta data
of all tables in the database as well as the current settings.
| Table | Columns |
|---|
| CATALOGS |
CATALOG_NAME |
| COLLATIONS |
NAME, KEY |
| COLUMNS |
TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, COLUMN_DEFAULT, IS_NULLABLE, DATA_TYPE, CHARACTER_MAXIMUM_LENGTH, CHARACTER_OCTET_LENGTH, NUMERIC_PRECISION, NUMERIC_PRECISION_RADIX, NUMERIC_SCALE, CHARACTER_SET_NAME, COLLATION_NAME, TYPE_NAME, NULLABLE, IS_COMPUTED, SELECTIVITY, CHECK_CONSTRAINT, SEQUENCE_NAME, REMARKS, SOURCE_DATA_TYPE |
| COLUMN_PRIVILEGES |
GRANTOR, GRANTEE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, COLUMN_NAME, PRIVILEGE_TYPE, IS_GRANTABLE |
| CONSTANTS |
CONSTANT_CATALOG, CONSTANT_SCHEMA, CONSTANT_NAME, DATA_TYPE, REMARKS, SQL, ID |
| CONSTRAINTS |
CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME, CONSTRAINT_TYPE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, UNIQUE_INDEX_NAME, CHECK_EXPRESSION, COLUMN_LIST, REMARKS, SQL, ID |
| CROSS_REFERENCES |
PKTABLE_CATALOG, PKTABLE_SCHEMA, PKTABLE_NAME, PKCOLUMN_NAME, FKTABLE_CATALOG, FKTABLE_SCHEMA, FKTABLE_NAME, FKCOLUMN_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, UPDATE_RULE, DELETE_RULE, FK_NAME, PK_NAME, DEFERRABILITY |
| DOMAINS |
DOMAIN_CATALOG, DOMAIN_SCHEMA, DOMAIN_NAME, COLUMN_DEFAULT, IS_NULLABLE, DATA_TYPE, PRECISION, SCALE, TYPE_NAME, SELECTIVITY, CHECK_CONSTRAINT, REMARKS, SQL, ID |
| FUNCTION_ALIASES |
ALIAS_CATALOG, ALIAS_SCHEMA, ALIAS_NAME, JAVA_CLASS, JAVA_METHOD, DATA_TYPE, TYPE_NAME, COLUMN_COUNT, RETURNS_RESULT, REMARKS, ID, SOURCE |
| FUNCTION_COLUMNS |
ALIAS_CATALOG, ALIAS_SCHEMA, ALIAS_NAME, JAVA_CLASS, JAVA_METHOD, COLUMN_COUNT, POS, COLUMN_NAME, DATA_TYPE, TYPE_NAME, PRECISION, SCALE, RADIX, NULLABLE, COLUMN_TYPE, REMARKS, COLUMN_DEFAULT |
| HELP |
ID, SECTION, TOPIC, SYNTAX, TEXT |
| INDEXES |
TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, NON_UNIQUE, INDEX_NAME, ORDINAL_POSITION, COLUMN_NAME, CARDINALITY, PRIMARY_KEY, INDEX_TYPE_NAME, IS_GENERATED, INDEX_TYPE, ASC_OR_DESC, PAGES, FILTER_CONDITION, REMARKS, SQL, ID, SORT_TYPE, CONSTRAINT_NAME, INDEX_CLASS |
| LOCKS |
TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, SESSION_ID, LOCK_TYPE |
| RIGHTS |
GRANTEE, GRANTEETYPE, GRANTEDROLE, RIGHTS, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, ID |
| ROLES |
NAME, REMARKS, ID |
| SCHEMAS |
CATALOG_NAME, SCHEMA_NAME, SCHEMA_OWNER, DEFAULT_CHARACTER_SET_NAME, DEFAULT_COLLATION_NAME, IS_DEFAULT, REMARKS, ID |
| SEQUENCES |
SEQUENCE_CATALOG, SEQUENCE_SCHEMA, SEQUENCE_NAME, CURRENT_VALUE, INCREMENT, IS_GENERATED, REMARKS, CACHE, MIN_VALUE, MAX_VALUE, IS_CYCLE, ID |
| SESSIONS |
ID, USER_NAME, SESSION_START, STATEMENT, STATEMENT_START, CONTAINS_UNCOMMITTED |
| SESSION_STATE |
KEY, SQL |
| SETTINGS |
NAME, VALUE |
| TABLES |
TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, TABLE_TYPE, STORAGE_TYPE, SQL, REMARKS, LAST_MODIFICATION, ID, TYPE_NAME, TABLE_CLASS, ROW_COUNT_ESTIMATE |
| TABLE_PRIVILEGES |
GRANTOR, GRANTEE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, PRIVILEGE_TYPE, IS_GRANTABLE |
| TABLE_TYPES |
TYPE |
| TRIGGERS |
TRIGGER_CATALOG, TRIGGER_SCHEMA, TRIGGER_NAME, TRIGGER_TYPE, TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, BEFORE, JAVA_CLASS, QUEUE_SIZE, NO_WAIT, REMARKS, SQL, ID |
| TYPE_INFO |
TYPE_NAME, DATA_TYPE, PRECISION, PREFIX, SUFFIX, PARAMS, AUTO_INCREMENT, MINIMUM_SCALE, MAXIMUM_SCALE, RADIX, POS, CASE_SENSITIVE, NULLABLE, SEARCHABLE |
| USERS |
NAME, ADMIN, REMARKS, ID |
| VIEWS |
TABLE_CATALOG, TABLE_SCHEMA, TABLE_NAME, VIEW_DEFINITION, CHECK_OPTION, IS_UPDATABLE, STATUS, REMARKS, ID |
| DATABASES |
ID, DATABASE_NAME, RUN_MODE, NODES |
| DB_OBJECTS |
ID, TYPE, SQL |
| SERVICES |
SERVICE_CATALOG, SERVICE_SCHEMA, SERVICET_NAME, SQL, ID |
The system tables in the schema PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA contain the performance data
of all tables in the database.
| Table | Columns |
|---|
| QUERY_STATISTICS |
SQL_STATEMENT, EXECUTION_COUNT, MIN_EXECUTION_TIME, MAX_EXECUTION_TIME, CUMULATIVE_EXECUTION_TIME, AVERAGE_EXECUTION_TIME, STD_DEV_EXECUTION_TIME, MIN_ROW_COUNT, MAX_ROW_COUNT, CUMULATIVE_ROW_COUNT, AVERAGE_ROW_COUNT, STD_DEV_ROW_COUNT |
Range Table
The range table is a dynamic system table that contains all values from a start to an end value.
The table contains one column called X. Both the start and end values are included in the result.
The table is used as follows:
Example:
SELECT X FROM SYSTEM_RANGE(1, 10);